Abstract Instagram has become an important tool to contact the audiences both in commercial and political communication. Of special interest is the use of this social network by politicians, who can use the image to portray a humanized version of themselves: it is not the candidate but the person who is talking to citizens through impacting images posted on their personal profiles. The present study posits that Instagram is a key tool for self-representation. This paper offers a specific study about the use of Instagram by the five main candidates in the Spanish general elections in 2019. The main aim of this paper is to study if the Spanish candidates showed themselves on Instagram in a more humanized way during the electoral campaign. Departing from Goffman’s theory about the presentation of the self, a content analysis has been carried out as methodology, where Goffman’s concepts have been operationalized. The analysis was applied to a total of 473 Instagram posts, covering both a pre-election period and an election period. Results show that Spanish candidates tend to show themselves as professional politicians, but some candidates of new parties increment their humanization in the elections period.

RESUMO Objetivou-se caracterizar a variabilidade genética de cinco grupos de Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum Mato Grosso I (MT-I), Mato Grosso II (MT-II), Mato Grosso III (MT-III), Mato Grosso do Sul I (MS-I) e Mato Grosso do Sul II (MS-II) pertencentes a um núcleo de melhoramento genético. Para determinação das medidas de frequências alélicas, heterozigosidade observada (HO), coeficientes de endogamia (FIS), teste do equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (HW-p) e diferenciação genética foram selecionados oito loci polimórficos de microssatélites (Pcor01, Pcor05, Pcor08, Pcor10,Ppu01, Ppu04, Ppu09, pu10) nos quais observaram-se um total de 62 alelos nos indivíduos (n=211). A População MS-I apresentou o maior (Pcor08 alelo 83:0,5000) e menor (Pcor10 alelo 50: 0,1667) valor de frequência alélica média. Maiores (HO= 0,782; 0,782) e menores (FIS= 0,034; 0,061) foram verificados nos grupos MS-I e MT-III respectivamente e o HW-p exibiu que os cinco grupos apresentaram desvios para a maioria dos loci analisados. Por último, diferenciação genética apontou a formação de dois grandes grupos genéticos, um conformado pelos grupos provenientes do Mato grosso e outro pelos grupos do Mato grosso do Sul. Essas medidas podem auxiliar na seleção do programa de melhoramento, permitindo a manutenção da variabilidade genética.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterise genetic variability in five groups of Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum: Mato Grosso I (MT-I), Mato Grosso II (MT-II), Mato Grosso III (MT-III), Mato Grosso do Sul I (MS-I) and Mato Grosso do Sul II (MS-II), taken from a centre for genetic improvement. In order to determine the allelic frequency, observed heterozygosity (HO), inbreeding coefficients (FIS), Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HW-p) and genetic differentiation, eight polymorphic microsatellite loci (Pcor01, Pcor05, Pcor08, Pcor10, Ppu01, Ppu04, Ppu09 and Ppu10) were selected, in which a total of 62 alleles were observed in the individuals (n = 211). The MS-I population had the highest (Pcor08 allele 83: 0.5000) and lowest (Pcor10 allele 50: 0.1667) mean values for allele frequency. Higher (HO = 0.782; 0.782) and lower (FIS = 0.034; 0.061) values were found in groups MS-I and MT-III respectively. The HW-p showed that the five groups presented deviations for most of the loci under analysis. Finally, genetic differentiation pointed to the formation of two large genetic groups, one formed by the groups from Mato Grosso and the other by the groups from Mato Grosso do Sul. These measurements can help selection in a breeding program and maintain genetic variability.

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate the perception of harms and benefits associated with cannabis use among adolescents and how regulatory changes might affect their intention to use marijuana. Method: this multi-centric cross-sectional survey study. participants included 2717 students aged 15-17 from 10 cities in Belize, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Kitts and Nevis, and Trinidad and Tobago. Results: an average lifetime prevalence of cannabis use of 30.6% (25.8% past year, 15.8% past 30 days). Most participants reported that their closest friends use cannabis (60%); many (55%) stated that they would not use marijuana, even if it were legally available. Conclusion: statistics revealed that a strong perception of benefits, a low perception of risk, and friends’ use of cannabis were associated with individual use as well as intention to use within a hypothetical context of regulatory change.

RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar la percepción de daños y beneficios asociados al uso de marihuana en adolescentes y cómo los cambios regulatorios pueden afectar la intención de uso. Método: estudio multicéntrico, cuantitativo y transversal tipo encuesta. los participantes fueron 2,717 estudiantes entre 15 y 17 años de 10 ciudades de Belice, Brasil. Chile, Colombia, República Dominicana, Jamaica, México, San Cristóbal y Nieves, y Trinidad y Tobago. Resultados: prevalencia de alguna vez en la vida de 30.6% (25.8% ultimo año, 15.8% últimos 30 días). Los adolescentes refieren que amigos cercanos consumen marihuana (60%). Los participantes (55%) declaran que no usarían marihuana, incluso si estuviera disponible legalmente. Conclusión: las estadísticas revelan que la alta percepción de los beneficios, baja percepción de daño y amigos que consumen marihuana, está asociado con el consumo y la intención de uso en el contexto hipotético de cambios regulatorios.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a percepção de danos e benefícios associados ao uso de maconha entre os adolescentes e como as mudanças regulatórias podem afetar a intenção de usar maconha. Método: estudo multicêntrico de corte transversal. Os participantes foram 2.717 alunos com idades entre 15 e 17 anos de 10 cidades em Belize, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, República Dominicana, Jamaica, México, São Cristóvão e Nevis e Trinidad e Tobago. Resultados: prevalência de uso de maconha na vida de 30,6% (25,8% no ano passado, 15,8% nos últimos 30 dias). Os participantes relataram que os amigos mais próximos usam maconha (60%); e metade (55%) afirmou que não usariam maconha, mesmo se ela estivesse legalmente disponível. Conclusão: as estatísticas revelaram que percepção elevada de benefícios, percepção de baixo risco e uso de maconha por parte de amigos estavam associados ao uso individual, bem como à intenção de usar a maconha em um contexto hipotético de mudanças regulatórias.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a relação entre a percepção de danos e benefícios associados ao consumo de maconha e sua relação com o atual consumo, bem como com a intenção de uso em um contexto de mudanças regulatórias, em jovens entre 15 e 17 anos, estudantes de um colégio público em Bogotá, Colômbia. Método: realizou-se estudo quantitativo, transversal, tipo questionário. Participaram 268 estudantes do 9º ao 11º grau de um colégio público da cidade de Bogotá, Colômbia. Resultados: os resultados mostraram que existe uma associação entre a percepção de benefícios e o consumo de maconha. Além disso, também demostraram como uma baixa percepção de risco está associada a uma intenção de uso em um contexto de legalização. Conclusão: este é um dos primeiros estudos na Colômbia que explora a intenção de uso (aos 18 anos) em um contexto de mudanças regulatórias, bem como a atitude dos jovens em relação à legalização da maconha para uso medicinal e de lazer.

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze the relationship between the perception of harm and benefits associated with the use of marijuana and its relation to real consumption, as well as the intention to use it in a context of regulatory changes, in young students, between 15 and 17 years old, of a public school in Bogota Colombia. Method: a quantitative, cross-sectional survey was carried out. 268 students in grade 9th to 11th from a public school in the city of Bogotá, Colombia participated of the study. Results: results reveled that there is an association between the perception of benefits and the consumption of marijuana. In addition, how a low perception of risk is associated with an intention to use in a context of legalization. Conclusion: this is one of the first studies in Colombia which explores the intention to use (at age 18) in a context of regulatory changes, as well as the attitude of young people towards the legalization of marijuana for medicinal and recreational use.

RESUMEN Objectivo: analizar la relación entre la percepción de daños y beneficios asociados al consumo de marihuana y su relación con el actual consumo, así como con la intención de uso en un contexto de cambios regulatorios, en jóvenes entre los 15 y 17 años estudiantes de un colegio público en Bogotá, Colombia. Método: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, transversal tipo encuesta. Participaron 268 estudiantes de grado 9º a 11º de un colegio público de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que existe una asociación entre la percepción de beneficios y el consumo de marihuana. Adicional a que como una baja percepción de riesgo está asociada a una intención de uso en un contexto de legalización. Conclusión: este es uno de los primeros estudios en el Colombia que explora la intención de uso (a los 18 años) en un contexto de cambios regulatorios, así como la actitud de los jóvenes hacia la legalización de la marihuana para uso medicinal y recreacional.

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze the relationship between the perception of harm and benefits associated with the use of marijuana and its relation to real consumption, as well as the intention to use it in a context of regulatory changes, in young students, between 15 and 17 years old, of a public school in Bogota Colombia. Method: a quantitative, cross-sectional survey was carried out. 268 students in grade 9th to 11th from a public school in the city of Bogotá, Colombia participated of the study. Results: results reveled that there is an association between the perception of benefits and the consumption of marijuana. In addition, how a low perception of risk is associated with an intention to use in a context of legalization. Conclusion: this is one of the first studies in Colombia which explores the intention to use (at age 18) in a context of regulatory changes, as well as the attitude of young people towards the legalization of marijuana for medicinal and recreational use.

RESUMEN Objectivo: analizar la relación entre la percepción de daños y beneficios asociados al consumo de marihuana y su relación con el actual consumo, así como con la intención de uso en un contexto de cambios regulatorios, en jóvenes entre los 15 y 17 años estudiantes de un colegio público en Bogotá, Colombia. Método: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, transversal tipo encuesta. Participaron 268 estudiantes de grado 9º a 11º de un colegio público de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que existe una asociación entre la percepción de beneficios y el consumo de marihuana. Adicional a que como una baja percepción de riesgo está asociada a una intención de uso en un contexto de legalización. Conclusión: este es uno de los primeros estudios en el Colombia que explora la intención de uso (a los 18 años) en un contexto de cambios regulatorios, así como la actitud de los jóvenes hacia la legalización de la marihuana para uso medicinal y recreacional.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a relação entre a percepção de danos e benefícios associados ao consumo de maconha e sua relação com o atual consumo, bem como com a intenção de uso em um contexto de mudanças regulatórias, em jovens entre 15 e 17 anos, estudantes de um colégio público em Bogotá, Colômbia. Método: realizou-se estudo quantitativo, transversal, tipo questionário. Participaram 268 estudantes do 9º ao 11º grau de um colégio público da cidade de Bogotá, Colômbia. Resultados: os resultados mostraram que existe uma associação entre a percepção de benefícios e o consumo de maconha. Além disso, também demostraram como uma baixa percepção de risco está associada a uma intenção de uso em um contexto de legalização. Conclusão: este é um dos primeiros estudos na Colômbia que explora a intenção de uso (aos 18 anos) em um contexto de mudanças regulatórias, bem como a atitude dos jovens em relação à legalização da maconha para uso medicinal e de lazer.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate in the vitro effectiveness of three chemical agents for toothbrush disinfection. Material and Methods: Sixteen new toothbrushes were evaluated, previously sterilized and classified in five experimental groups (n=3) and one item as control. Three chemical agents were assessed: 0.12% Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), essential oil mouth rinse (Listerine) and 3.5% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The five selected strains were inoculated on toothbrushes and incubated for a 24 hours period and 37°C temperature in aerobic conditions. The incubated toothbrushes were immersed for a 15 min period into selected chemical agents and after drying in a controlled air stream, again re-cultured into enriched broth. A comparison was made between the initial and final microorganisms density recovered after chemical disinfection based on Mc Farland scale. The data obtained was compared by descriptive analysis and ANOVA methodology. Results: 3.5% NaOCl was the most effective chemical agent for toothbrush disinfection followed by CHX; Listerine was not effective to eliminate the inoculated bacteria in toothbrushes. Conclusion: 3.5% NaOCl and 0.12% CHX are the most effective chemical agents for toothbrush disinfection and Listerine was only effective against C. albicans.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a percepção de danos e benefícios associados ao uso de maconha entre os adolescentes e como as mudanças regulatórias podem afetar a intenção de usar maconha. Método: estudo multicêntrico de corte transversal. Os participantes foram 2.717 alunos com idades entre 15 e 17 anos de 10 cidades em Belize, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, República Dominicana, Jamaica, México, São Cristóvão e Nevis e Trinidad e Tobago. Resultados: prevalência de uso de maconha na vida de 30,6% (25,8% no ano passado, 15,8% nos últimos 30 dias). Os participantes relataram que os amigos mais próximos usam maconha (60%); e metade (55%) afirmou que não usariam maconha, mesmo se ela estivesse legalmente disponível. Conclusão: as estatísticas revelaram que percepção elevada de benefícios, percepção de baixo risco e uso de maconha por parte de amigos estavam associados ao uso individual, bem como à intenção de usar a maconha em um contexto hipotético de mudanças regulatórias.

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate the perception of harms and benefits associated with cannabis use among adolescents and how regulatory changes might affect their intention to use marijuana. Method: this multi-centric cross-sectional survey study. participants included 2717 students aged 15-17 from 10 cities in Belize, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Kitts and Nevis, and Trinidad and Tobago. Results: an average lifetime prevalence of cannabis use of 30.6% (25.8% past year, 15.8% past 30 days). Most participants reported that their closest friends use cannabis (60%); many (55%) stated that they would not use marijuana, even if it were legally available. Conclusion: statistics revealed that a strong perception of benefits, a low perception of risk, and friends’ use of cannabis were associated with individual use as well as intention to use within a hypothetical context of regulatory change.

RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar la percepción de daños y beneficios asociados al uso de marihuana en adolescentes y cómo los cambios regulatorios pueden afectar la intención de uso. Método: estudio multicéntrico, cuantitativo y transversal tipo encuesta. los participantes fueron 2,717 estudiantes entre 15 y 17 años de 10 ciudades de Belice, Brasil. Chile, Colombia, República Dominicana, Jamaica, México, San Cristóbal y Nieves, y Trinidad y Tobago. Resultados: prevalencia de alguna vez en la vida de 30.6% (25.8% ultimo año, 15.8% últimos 30 días). Los adolescentes refieren que amigos cercanos consumen marihuana (60%). Los participantes (55%) declaran que no usarían marihuana, incluso si estuviera disponible legalmente. Conclusión: las estadísticas revelan que la alta percepción de los beneficios, baja percepción de daño y amigos que consumen marihuana, está asociado con el consumo y la intención de uso en el contexto hipotético de cambios regulatorios.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated pre-slaughter stress and its influence on the stress indicators, quality characteristics and sensory characteristics of Nile tilapia fillets. To this end, two experiments were conducted: (1) two transportation times (60 and 240 min), with a density of 200 kg m−3, were compared to control treatment fish (in which the fish were removed from the net cage and immediately euthanized); and (2) two transportation densities (100 and 400 kg m−3), transported for 180 min, compared with control treatment fish. In experiment 1, the transportation time of 60 min resulted in higher levels of serum cortisol and plasma glucose compared to the transportation time of 240 min and the control. Fish fillets transported for 240 min had higher water-holding capacity, less water loss by pressure and higher levels of juiciness compared to fish transported for 60 min. Color, pH and water loss during cooking were not affected by transportation time. In experiment 2, transportation densities of 100 and 400 kg m−3 did not significantly affect the stress indicators nor the instrumental quality parameters of the fillets, but fish transported at 400 kg m−3 showed better visual acceptance by panellists.

Introducción: Como parte de los insumos necesarios para la creación, la implementación y la evaluación de políticas relacionadas con la salud mental, en todo el mundo y como iniciativa de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se llevan a cabo encuestas poblacionales relacionadas con el tema. Durante el primer semestre de 2015, se llevó a cabo la cuarta Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental (ENSM 2015), con una muestra de 2.727 niños entre 7 y 12 años, 1.754 adolescentes y 10.870 adultos seleccionados de diferentes lugares del país. Objetivos: Describir la selección y definición de los instrumentos que utilizar para la medición de la salud mental (incluyendo cognición social y violencias), los problemas, los trastornos mentales y la valoración de estados de salud, así como los mecanismos empleados para derivar en el instrumento final de recolección. Resultados: La medición de trastornos mentales en niños se realizó utilizando el Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC), y para adolescentes y adultos se utilizó el Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Para los demás componentes evaluados en la ENSM 2015, se realizó una búsqueda de los instrumentos utilizados dentro y fuera de Colombia. La selección de los instrumentos utilizados para la evaluación se basó en las preguntas de cada instrumento, así como la validez científica que se podría obtener en los resultados. En algunos casos se utilizó el instrumento completo (como fue validado), se construyó uno nuevo uniendo partes de diferentes instrumentos o se redactaron las preguntas partiendo de los conceptos o características que se va a medir. Se realizó una validación de contenido, de concepto y de semántica de todos los instrumentos, incluyendo CIDI y DISC. Los instrumentos resultantes se aplicaron a un grupo de sujetos de diferentes características y se detectaron algunas aclaraciones necesarias para la comprensión de algunas preguntas. Dado que la recolección de la información en la encuesta sería totalmente en formato electrónico, tras la construcción y la redacción de cada instrumento, se generó un formato de flujo para orientar la implementación del formato en el software Blaise. Luego de la implementación, tuvo lugar un proceso de validación de la encuesta implementada para garantizar la integridad en el orden de las preguntas y los saltos. Para este proceso se generaron casos ficticios y también se contó con la participación de voluntarios para realizar las pruebas. Conclusiones: Se presentan los apartes del instrumento utilizado en la ENSM 2015.

Introduction: Population surveys on mental health are performed as part of the inputs required for the creation, implementation and evaluation of policies related to mental health, worldwide, and as an initiative of theWorld Health Organisation (WHO).was held The fourth National Survey of Mental Health (ENSM 2015)was carried out during the first half of 2015 on a representative sample of 2,727 children between 7 and 11 years of age, 1,754 adolescents, and 10, 870 adults who were selected throughout the country. Objective: To describe the selection and definition of the tools used to measure mental health (including social cognition and violence), problems, mental disorders, and the evaluation of health states, as well as to describe the process used to develop the data collection tools finally used. Results: The measurement of mental disorders in children was performed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC), and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview(CIDI)was used for adolescents and adults. For the remaining components evaluated in the survey, a search was conducted on the tools used at a national and international level. The selection of the toos used for the evaluation was based on the questions made by each tool, as well as the scientific validity that could be obtained from the results. In some cases the complete tool (as published) was used, in other cases the tools were constructed unifying parts of different ones, or questions were written based on the concepts or characteristics to be measured. Subsequently, a validation of content, concept and semantic of every tool was carried out, including the CIDI and DISC. The resulting tools were used on a group of people with different characteristics. It was noted that further clarification was necessary for some people to fully understand what was being asked. Because the collection of all the information in the survey would be computer assisted, a stream format was generated to guide the implementation in Blaise software, after the creation and wording of each tool in order to review the validation process of the survey and to ensure the integrity in the order of questions and their format. Fictitious cases were generated during the process, and volunteers participated in the testing. Conclusions: The tools for information collection used in the National Survey of Mental Health 2015 are presented.

Resumen Introducción: La prevalencia mundial de condiciones crónicas está en aumento, y este fenómeno abarca a las poblaciones pediátricas. No se ha estudiado lo suficiente la interrelación entre las condiciones crónicas y los problemas de salud mentalen el caso de los niños. Objetivo: Medir la frecuencia de problemas y trastornos mentales en la población colombiana de 7-11 años en función de la presencia o ausencia de condiciones crónicas. Métodos: La información pertenece a la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental de Colombia 2015, un estudio observacional de corte transversal, con representatividad nacional para el grupo de 7-11 años. Se midieron los problemas mentales con el cuestionario de reporte de niños (RQC), la prevalencia en los últimos 12 meses de 7 trastornos mentales de interés en esta población utilizando el Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children versión para padres (DISC-P), además de diferentes condiciones crónicas. Se realizó un análisis univariado y estratificado. Resultados: Fue positivo el RQC del 41,6% de los niños sin condiciones crónicas, el 56,7% de los niños con1yel 70,8% de los que tienen 2 o más; los que presentan la mayor prevalencia de síntomas son los que tienen enfermedad pulmonar inflamatoria crónica, seguidos de aquellos con diabetes mellitus y alergias. La prevalencia de uno o más de los trastornos mentales en los niños sin condiciones crónicas es del 3,1%, mientras que en los que tienen por lo menos 1 es del 13,8%. Conclusiones: Se encontró mayor prevalencia de problemas mentales en los niños con condiciones crónicas, lo que justifica profundizar en estudios que aborden este tema y diseñar estrategias de intervención multidisciplinarias para mitigar la dicotomía mente-cuerpo predominante en la práctica clínica.

Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of chronic conditions is increasing globally and this phenomenon covers pediatric populations. There is a relationship between chronic conditions and mental health problems, which has been insufficiently studied in the case of children. Objective: To measure the frequency of problems and mental disorders in the Colombian population between 7 and 11 years, depending on the presence or absence of chronic conditions. Methods: The information pertains to the National Survey of Mental Health of Colombia 2015, an observational cross-sectional nationally representative for the group between 7 and 11 years old. Mental problems where measure with the Reporting Questionnaire for Children (RQC), the 12 month prevalence of seven mental disorders were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version parents (DISC-P) and a list of chronic conditions. Univariate and stratification analysis of the data were performed. Results: 41.6% of the children with no chronic conditions, 56.7% of the children with 1 chronic condition and 70.8% in those with 2 or more have at least one RQC symptom; the highest prevalence of mental health symptoms are those with chronic inflammatory lung disease, followed by diabetes mellitus and allergies. The prevalence of one or more mental disorders in children without chronic conditions is 3.1% while those with at least 1 is 13.8%. Conclusions: A higher prevalence of mental disorders in children and its association with chronic conditions justifies further studies that address this issue and develop strategies with multidisciplinary interventions.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar geneticamente e avaliar a estrutura populacional de galinhas crioulas Canela-Preta de três plantéis pertencentes aos municípios de Teresina, Oeiras e Queimada Nova, no Estado do Piauí. Utilizaram-se 12 marcadores microssatélites e amostras de DNA de 118 galinhas. Após a extração do DNA, os marcadores microssatélites foram amplificados por meio da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Efetuaram-se análises estatísticas da estimativa de heterozigosidades observada e esperada, análise de variância molecular, análise de componentes principais, estatística F de Wright e análise de estrutura populacional com base em análise bayesiana. As análises de diferenciação genética (Amova) sugerem baixa diferenciação entre os núcleos avaliados, o que indica se tratar geneticamente de um único grupo. Os resultados da estatística F indicaram tendência de endogamia dos plantéis estudados. O gráfico de dispersão e análise bayesiana, usado para mostrar a estrutura das aves Canela-Preta, sugeriu a existência de quatro grupos genéticos e revela que há fluxo gênico entre os plantéis analisados. Os marcadores moleculares microssatélites avaliados apresentam-se polimórficos, o que mostra alta variação nas amostras e revela sua eficiência no estudo de caracterização. Os resultados são indicativos de que as galinhas Canela-Preta estão geneticamente estruturadas.

Abstract The objective of this work was to genetically characterize and evaluate the population structure of Canela-Preta creole chicken of three breeding stocks belonging to the municipalities of Teresina, Oeiras and Queimada Nova, in the state of Piauí, Brazil. Twelve microsatellite markers and DNA samples from 118 chickens were used. After DNA extraction, the microsatellite markers were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analyses of the observed and expected heterozygosity estimates, analysis of molecular variance, principal components analysis, Wright's F-statistics, and analysis of population structure based on Bayesian analysis were performed. The analyses of genetic differentiation (using Amova) suggested low differentiation between the evaluated nucleuses, indicating this group as genetically unique. The results of the F-statistics indicated endogamy trend of the breeding stocks studied. Scatter plot and Bayesian analysis, used to show the structure of Canela-Preta birds, suggested the existence of four genetic groups and revealed that there is gene flow between the breeding stocks analysed. The evaluated microsatellite molecular markers showed to be polymorphic, which shows high variation in the samples and reveals their effectiveness in the study of characterization. The results indicate that Canela-Preta chickens are genetically structured.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the epidemiological and sociodemographic characteristics of patients hospitalized in an ICU. Method: an epidemiological, descriptive and retrospective study. Population: 695 patients admitted from January to December 2011. The data collected were statistically analyzed with both absolute and relative frequency distribution. Results: 61.6% of the patients are male, aged 40 to 69 years, and most of them came from the surgery rooms. The most frequent reason for admission was diseases of the circulatory system (23.3%). At discharge from the ICU, 72.4% of the patients were sent to other units of the same institution, 31.1% to the intermediate care unit, and 20.4% died, of which 24.6% from diseases of the circulatory system. The afternoon shift had 45.8% of the admissions and 53.3% of the discharges. Conclusion: the description of the sociodemographic and epidemiological features guides the planning of nursing actions, providing a better quality service.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las características sociodemográficas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes internados en una UTI. Método: estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Población: 695 pacientes admitidos de enero a diciembre de 2011. Se analizaron estadísticamente los datos colectados con distribución de frecuencias absoluta y relativa. Resultados: 61,6% de los pacientes son del sexo masculino, edad de 40 a 69 años, y la mayoría proviene del centro quirúrgico. El motivo de internación fueran las enfermedades del aparato circulatorio (23,3%). De los pacientes que recibieron alta, se encaminaron 72,4% para las otras unidades de la institución, 31,1% para la unidad de tratamiento semi-intensivo y 20,4% fallecieron, de los cuales 24,6% por enfermedades del aparato circulatorio. El turno de trabajo en el cual las demisiones ocurrieron es el vespertino, con 45,8% de las admisiones y 53,3% de las altas. Conclusión: la descripción de las características sociodemográficas y epidemiológicas guía la planificación de las acciones de enfermería, proveyendo un atendimiento de mejor calidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as características sociodemográficas e epidemiológicas dos pacientes internados em uma UTI. Método: estudo epidemiológico, descritivo e retrospectivo. População: 695 pacientes admitidos de janeiro a dezembro de 2011. Os dados coletados foram analisados estatisticamente com distribuição de frequências absoluta e relativa. Resultados: 61,6% dos pacientes são do sexo masculino, idade de 40 a 69 anos, e maioria proveniente do centro cirúrgico. O motivo de internação foram as doenças do aparelho circulatório (23,3%). Dos pacientes ao receber alta da UTI, 72,4% foram encaminhados para outras unidades da instituição, 31,1% para unidade de tratamento semi-intensivo e 20,4% foram a óbito, dos quais 24,6% foram por doenças do aparelho circulatório. O turno de trabalho que ocorreram admissões e altas foi o vespertino, com 45,8% das admissões e 53,3% das altas. Conclusão: a descrição das características sociodemográficas e epidemiológicas norteia o planejamento das ações de enfermagem, fornecendo um atendimento de melhor qualidade.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as características sociodemográficas e epidemiológicas dos pacientes internados em uma UTI. Método: estudo epidemiológico, descritivo e retrospectivo. População: 695 pacientes admitidos de janeiro a dezembro de 2011. Os dados coletados foram analisados estatisticamente com distribuição de frequências absoluta e relativa. Resultados: 61,6% dos pacientes são do sexo masculino, idade de 40 a 69 anos, e maioria proveniente do centro cirúrgico. O motivo de internação foram as doenças do aparelho circulatório (23,3%). Dos pacientes ao receber alta da UTI, 72,4% foram encaminhados para outras unidades da instituição, 31,1% para unidade de tratamento semi-intensivo e 20,4% foram a óbito, dos quais 24,6% foram por doenças do aparelho circulatório. O turno de trabalho que ocorreram admissões e altas foi o vespertino, com 45,8% das admissões e 53,3% das altas. Conclusão: a descrição das características sociodemográficas e epidemiológicas norteia o planejamento das ações de enfermagem, fornecendo um atendimento de melhor qualidade.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the epidemiological and sociodemographic characteristics of patients hospitalized in an ICU. Method: an epidemiological, descriptive and retrospective study. Population: 695 patients admitted from January to December 2011. The data collected were statistically analyzed with both absolute and relative frequency distribution. Results: 61.6% of the patients are male, aged 40 to 69 years, and most of them came from the surgery rooms. The most frequent reason for admission was diseases of the circulatory system (23.3%). At discharge from the ICU, 72.4% of the patients were sent to other units of the same institution, 31.1% to the intermediate care unit, and 20.4% died, of which 24.6% from diseases of the circulatory system. The afternoon shift had 45.8% of the admissions and 53.3% of the discharges. Conclusion: the description of the sociodemographic and epidemiological features guides the planning of nursing actions, providing a better quality service.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las características sociodemográficas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes internados en una UTI. Método: estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Población: 695 pacientes admitidos de enero a diciembre de 2011. Se analizaron estadísticamente los datos colectados con distribución de frecuencias absoluta y relativa. Resultados: 61,6% de los pacientes son del sexo masculino, edad de 40 a 69 años, y la mayoría proviene del centro quirúrgico. El motivo de internación fueran las enfermedades del aparato circulatorio (23,3%). De los pacientes que recibieron alta, se encaminaron 72,4% para las otras unidades de la institución, 31,1% para la unidad de tratamiento semi-intensivo y 20,4% fallecieron, de los cuales 24,6% por enfermedades del aparato circulatorio. El turno de trabajo en el cual las demisiones ocurrieron es el vespertino, con 45,8% de las admisiones y 53,3% de las altas. Conclusión: la descripción de las características sociodemográficas y epidemiológicas guía la planificación de las acciones de enfermería, proveyendo un atendimiento de mejor calidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Patients submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have an increased risk of Clostridium difficile infection and multiple risk factors have been identi- fied. Published reports have indicated an incidence from 9% to 30% of transplant patients however to date there is no information about infection in these patients in Chile. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who developed C. difficile infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantations from 2000 to 2013. Statistical analysis used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Results: Two hundred and fifty patients were studied (mean age: 39 years; range: 17-69), with 147 (59%) receiving allogeneic transplants and 103 (41%) receiving autologous trans- plants. One hundred and ninety-two (77%) patients had diarrhea, with 25 (10%) cases of C. difficile infection being confirmed. Twenty infected patients had undergone allogeneic trans- plants, of which ten had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, three had acute myeloid leukemia and seven had other diseases (myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myeloid leukemia, severe aplastic anemia). In the autologous transplant group, five patients had C. difficile infection; two had multiple myeloma, one had amyloidosis, one had acute myeloid leukemia and one had germinal carcinoma. The overall incidence of C. difficile infection was 4% within the first week, 6.4% in the first month and 10% in one year, with no difference in overall survival between infected and non-infected groups (72.0% vs. 67.6%, respectively; p-value = 0.56). Patients infected after allogeneic transplants had a slower time to neutrophil engraftment compared to non-infected patients (17.5 vs. 14.9 days, respectively; p-value = 0.008). In the autologous transplant group there was no significant difference in the neutrophil engraftment time between infected and non-infected patients (12.5 days vs. 11.8 days, respectively; p-value = 0.71). In the allogeneic transplant group, the median time to acute graft-versus- host disease was similar between the two groups (p-value = 0.08), as was the incidence of grades 1-4 acute graft-versus-host disease (40% vs. 48%; p-value >0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of C. difficile infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was low, with a significant number of cases occurring shortly after transplantation. Allogeneic transplants had a three-time higher risk of infection compared to autologous transplants, but this was not associated with increased mortality, decreased overall survival or higher risk of acute graft-versus-host disease.

La microbiota intestinal es la comunidad de microorganismos vivos residentes en el tubo digestivo. Las técnicas modernas de estudio de la microbiota nos han acercado al conocimiento de un número importante de bacterias que no son cultivables y a la relación entre los microorganismos que nos habitan y nuestra homeostasis. Queriendo modular la microbiota intestinal para beneficio del huésped se han utilizado los probióticos, microorganismos vivos que ingeridos en cantidad adecuada, ejercen efectos beneficiosos en la salud. Los microorganismos para ser catalogados como probióticos deben cumplir con ciertas características como son seguridad, que se mantengan vivos y colonicen el intestino, entre otras. Existen diferentes productos que contienen probióticos en su composición: soluciones de rehidratación oral, fórmulas infantiles y alimentos. Muchos de ellos no contienen una única cepa, sino que son combinaciones de varias especies de microorganismos, en ocasiones asociadas también con vitaminas y sustancias prebióticas. Los mecanismos de acción de los probióticos incluyen inducción a pH inferior a 4, inhibición del crecimiento de bacterias patógenas, producción de ácido láctico, disminución de la permeabilidad intestinal, aumento de la actividad de la lactasa, efecto competitivo en otras bacterias patógenas, efectos sobre la inmunidad. La utilidad clínica de los probióticos es diferente en cada caso y depende de la cepa y de la dosis administrada.

The intestinal microbiota is the community of resident living microoganisms in the digestive system. Modern studies of the microbiota have brought us knowledge of an important number of not cultured bacteria and of the relation between the microorganism that inhabit us and our homeostasis. In order to modulate intestinal microbiota for their host’s advantage, health benefits have been obtained with oral administration of probiotics in proper amounts. Microorganisms must meet certain safety features to be labeled as probiotics: they must be safe, they must stay alive and they must colonize the gut, among others. Different products may contain probiotics in its composition: oral rehydration solutions, infant formulas and certain foods. Many of them contain not a single strain, but a combination of several species of microorganisms, sometimes associated also with vitamins and prebiotic substances. The mechanisms of action of probiotics include: pH induction under 4, inhibition of growth of pathogenic bacteria, lactic acid production, reduced intestinal permeability, increased lactase activity, competitive effect with other pathogenic bacteria, immunological effects. Clinical application of probiotics is different in each case and depends on the strain and the dose administered.